Roberta Pellizzoli Ppt

Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: “Water in Africa: Hydro-Pessimism or Hydro-Optimism?” Porto, 2-3 November 2008 “Water users must be efficient producers”: gender perspectives from irrigation schemes in Mozambique and South Africa Roberta Pellizzoli, Dip. di Politica, Istituzioni, Storia – Università di Bologna
2. Slide 2: Limpopo River Basin
3. Slide 4: Chókwè irrigation scheme  1950-54: construction of the IS and 1st land expropriation  1977-1983: 3rd Frelimo Congress: “the Limpopo Valley has to become the breadbasket of the country”. Floods. 2nd land expropriation and cooperatives established  1984-1995: redistribution to family and private sector. PRE. Divestiture of state farms  1997: Land Law. HICEP established. Rehabilitation of canals  2000: Floods
4. Slide 5: W o r ld B a n k aM in is t r y o f A g r ic u lt u r e nd d o n o rs B io f u e l p r o d u c e r s WU A Chokwe Union of Farmers’ H IC E P Associations J IC A J a p a n e s e C o o p e r a t io C IC - B a t à S p a n is h C o o p e r a t io n
5. Slide 6: Views from HICEP... «in the irrigation scheme all the production has to be for commercialisation, not for subsistence» «the water fee should increase up to 125 US$ in order to balance all the expenses. This will happen when rehabilitation is finished» «if you live in a luxury house you have to deserve it and to take good care of it» «everyone should produce rice! But small farmers would rather grow vegetables. And if they grow rice, they would sell it to Palmeiras rather than do contract farming for MIA» «small farmers are not efficient, they mainly use irrigated plots for subsistence production. It’s a waste of water. Water users must be efficient producers.»
6. Slide 7: ...and from women farmers • «Without fertilizers or pesticides, nothing will grow out of this land! » • «HICEP has nothing to do with land and with what we produce and has just to provide water. It’s the ministry of Agriculture that should tell us what to do» • «It’s unlikely that I’m going to produce rice. Where will I sell it? It’s more profitable to grow vegetables, but they often go wasted because we do not know where to store them» • «Yes I’m doing rice, but I’ll keep it for myself: do you think that I want to spend all my money for a 25 kg bag of rice in the shop?» • «WUA? We do not have any WUA here in Chokwe.»
7. Slide 8:  competing demands and pressures that are posing a threat on rural livelihoods based on subsistence agriculture, particularly so on women smallfarmers debate on water commercialization biofuel and land rights requirements... producers but where are the markets? lack of funds quality of the soil to support subsitence HIV-AIDS agriculture crisis high % of WHH
8. Slide 9: Association Ha ♂ ♀ %♀ Ha/Member 21 de Maio 80 1 77 99 1,02 IV Congresso 24 5 19 79 1 Josina Machel 89 17 100 85 0,76 Casa Agraria 45 10 66 87 0,59 Zonas Verdes 19 10 12 55 0,86 Agropem 50 16 35 69 0,98 307 59 309 84 0,83 Chókwè Union of Farmers'Associations involved in the Spanish cooperation project
9. Slide 10: Water Users Association ha n. of water users (WU) Ha/WU ♂ ♀ ♀% Nelson Mandela 326 484 0,67 258 226 47% Armando Guebuza 459 481 0,95 339 142 30% Eduardo Mondlane 423 150 2,82 113 37 25% Samora Machel 127 207 0,61 117 90 43% Maria Guebuza 262 200 1,31 117 83 42% Gajane 534 429 1,24 340 89 21% Cocotive 40 26 1,54 11 15 58% Nhongane 50 15 3,33 13 2 13% Produtores Cereais Macarretane 300 14 21,43 13 1 7% Combatentes da Luta de Liberação 30 12 2,50 9 3 25% Nacional WUA established by HICEP
10. Slide 12: Makuleke irrigation scheme  1985: a dam was built, land prepared and underground pipes put in place (Development Bank of South Africa)  2001: IS restructured under the RESIS programme (focus on revitalization)  2001-05: 1st strategic partnership – unsuccessful  2006: RESIS-Recharge (focus on rehabilitation)  2006: 2nd strategic partnership (potatoes and maize)
11. Slide 13: and the women?  IS is 232 ha  31 men and 10 women farmers, but some of them rented their plot  “if the man farmer dies, the wife can take over his land”  ...”by virtue of God, husband is the household head: you cannot mix this issues with land rights!”  subsistence farmers in the dryland areas are mainly women  leaders in the community are all men
12. Slide 14: pro cons  “makuleke brand”:  some individuals are considered a key-actor in benefiting by excluding SA other: class differentiation  job creation: people process employed in the IS for  lack of inputs belonging to 40R/day the community  indirect benefits for the  high amount of fertilizers whole community and pesticides: public health concerns  quality of the soil  pressure from outside
13. Slide 15: some conclusions - 1  increased access to inputs and credit  training and extension services  perceived increased security with title deed or PTO  sense of belonging and will to fight for a common cause  mutual help
14. Slide 16: some conclusions - 2  problem is not access to but the use that women make of land: their productivity is linked to the kind of hh they belong to  gender inequalities that have characterized the colonial/apartheid period and the migrant labour system have not changed: the neo-liberal market remains gender biased  Moz and SA gov. do not have the capacity to invest on subsistance farming: commercialization is the main focus  environmental concerns