Alvaro Carmo Vaz Ppt

Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMIBQUE IN A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE ÁLVARO CARMO VAZ Professor, Eduardo Mondlane University Director, CONSULTEC Lda.
2. Slide 2: Distribution of mean annual rainfall 2##
3. Slide 3: Main river basins / shared river basins 3##
4. Slide 4: Importance to Mozambique of shared river basins • 50% of the country is included within shared river basins • More than 50% of the natural flows are cross- border flows • Mozambique is involved in 9 shared river basins; in 8 it is at the downstream end – less water, more pollution • Critical situation in the South region – semi-arid, some large rivers intensively used upstream, large water uses in Mozambique (Maputo urban, irrigation, industries) 4##
5. Slide 5: Main areas for water development • Rural water supply • Urban water supply – Domestic – Industrial – Public and commercial • Irrigation • Hydropower 5##
6. Slide 6: Rural water supply • Still far from achieving the MDGs • Mostly based on groundwater • Main problems: – Community involvement and organisation – Investment – Maintenance capacity 6##
7. Slide 7: Urban water supply • Large investments being made with external support • Main cities – concession or contract management to private operators; regulator • Main problems – Cost of water in peri-urban areas – High water losses – Still not enough investment 7##
8. Slide 8: Maputo water supply • Largest urban consumer (domestic and industrial) • Looking for new water sources – a regional negotiation (South Africa, Swaziland); perspectives for the near future • Potential conflict between the main operator (concessionaire) and small private operators in peri-urban areas 8##
9. Slide 9: Irrigation • By far the major water user in Mozambique • Large potential (soil, water, climatic conditions) in the center and north of the country • Commercial farming: sugar cane, food crops, bio-fuels (new developments) • Present irrigated area still quite small (about 100,000 ha) 9##
10. Slide 10: Irrigation – 2 • Most irrigated areas located in the south (close to Maputo and South Africa) • The south region has the most difficult conditions for expansion of irrigation – Low rainfall – Intensive water use in major rivers (Limpopo, Incomati, Umbeluzi) in upstream countries (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Swaziland) 10##
11. Slide 11: Hydropower • Mozambique – good potential for hydropower, particularly Zambezi basin – Cahora Bassa 2075 MW, potential more 1250 – Mpanda Uncua 1500 MW (ready 2016) – Total in Mozambique about 13,000 MW • Linked to large coal and natural gas reserves, thermal power stations • Mozambique – net exporter of electricity, main consumer – South Africa • Southern Africa Power Pool 11##
12. Slide 12: Large water transfers • Electricity is (relatively) easy to move around – what about water? • South Africa is increasingly water stressed • Situation of water stress spreading to other countries (Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland) besides Botswana, Namibia (arid) • Mega-projects for water transfers to the south from the Zambezi and Congo rivers – what impacts? 12##
13. Slide 13: Sharing water in international river basins • Equitable allocation of water in international river basins – difficult when water resources are scarce to satisfy growing demand (Limpopo, Incomati, Umbeluzi in Mozambique) • SADC Protocol on shared watercourse systems – excellent principles and guidelines, what results after 13 (8) years? 13##
14. Slide 14: Mozambique shared river basins • IncoMaputo agreement signed in 2002 – so complex that, after 6 years, still studies on how to implement • Joint studies seem a good way forward, create a common objective knowledge base and understanding (Umbeluzi, Pungwe) • ...but no agreements yet resulting from it 14##
15. Slide 15: No water conflicts inside Mozambique? • Priority to domestic / urban water supply over irrigation in periods of drought • Potential conflicts requiring negotiations and compromise: – Development of large dams, social and environmental impacts to be mitigated – Hydropower vs flood mitigation – Flood control vs conservation of wetlands (the case of the Zambezi delta) 15##