Outline of Mortgage Backed Securities

Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: Mortgage-Backed Securities Jay Webb Managing Director, Information Technology UBS Investment Bank
2. Slide 2: Mortgage Origination Hi, I’m Matt I need a mortgage! $ I have money!
3. Slide 3: Mortgage Origination • Applies underwriting standards – PTI Ratio I need a – LTV Ratio mortgage! – Credit Score • Lender will take piece of Matt’s hide $ $ Mortgage Lender
4. Slide 4: Mortgage Cash Flows • All loans must be serviced – Payment notices – Overdue notices Mortgage – Maintaining principal balances Servicer – Administering escrow account – Initiating foreclosure proceedings Servicing fee $ – Furnishing tax information $ Mortgage P&I Lender
5. Slide 5: Mortgage Cash Flows – Scenario 1 • $100,000 Loan, 8% 30-year Month P&I I P Balance 1 733.76 666.67 67.10 99932.90 2 733.76 666.22 67.55 99865.36 3 733.76 665.77 68.00 99797.36 4 733.76 665.32 68.45 99728.91 5 733.76 664.86 68.91 99660.01 6 733.76 664.40 69.36 99590.64 Mortgage 7 733.76 663.94 69.83 99520.82 Lender 8 733.76 663.47 70.29 99450.52 9 733.76 663.00 70.76 99379.76 10 733.76 662.53 71.23 99308.53 11 733.76 662.06 71.71 99236.82 12 733.76 661.58 72.19 99164.64 … … … … …
6. Slide 6: Mortgage Cash Flows – Scenario 2 • 100,000 Loan, 8% 30-year Month P&I I P Balance 1 733.76 666.67 67.10 99932.90 2 733.76 666.22 67.55 99865.36 3 733.76 665.77 68.00 99797.36 4 733.76 665.32 68.45 99728.91 5 1467.53 664.86 802.67 98926.24 6 733.76 659.51 74.26 98851.99 Mortgage 7 733.76 659.01 74.75 98777.24 Lender 8 733.76 658.51 75.25 98701.99 9 733.76 658.01 75.75 98626.23 10 733.76 657.51 76.26 98549.98 11 733.76 657.00 76.76 98473.21 12 733.76 656.49 77.28 98395.94 … … … … …
7. Slide 7: Mortgage Cash Flows – Scenario 3 • 100,000 Loan, 8% 30-year Month P&I I P Balance 1 733.76 666.67 67.10 99932.90 2 733.76 666.22 67.55 99865.36 3 733.76 665.77 68.00 99797.36 4 733.76 665.32 68.45 99728.91 5 100393.77 664.86 99728.91 0.00 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mortgage 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lender 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8. Slide 8: Mortgage Cash Flows – Scenario 4 • 100,000 Loan, 8% 30-year Month P&I I P Balance 1 733.76 666.67 67.10 99932.90 2 733.76 666.22 67.55 99865.36 3 733.76 665.77 68.00 99797.36 4 733.76 665.32 68.45 99728.91 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 100393.77 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 101063.06 Mortgage 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 101736.82 Lender 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 102415.06 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 103097.83 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 103785.15 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 104477.05 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 105173.56 … … … … …
9. Slide 9: Risks to Lender • Lender has committed capital • Prepayment – borrower generally • Loan is secured by property (but not always) has the right to (and perhaps mortgage prepay the loan insurance) – Partial prepay • Rate of interest is higher than – Relocation “risk-free” investments – Refinance • What can happen? – Divorce – “Trade up” $ Mortgage • Default – although loan is secured, P&I Lender there is still risk to the lender (unless loan is insured) – Falling property value – Loan structure (GPM’s) • Both risks are enhanced if lender has regional bias Prepayments (and defaults) shorten the length of the loan – lender is not certain about timing of principal repayment
10. Slide 10: Lender Options Hold the loan • Keep as a long-term investment • Hold for a short time and sell later $ Mortgage P&I Lender
11. Slide 11: Lender Options Securitize the loan • Pool a set of mortgages • Issue securities from the pool $ Mortgage P&I Lender
12. Slide 12: Lender Options Securitize the loan • Pool a set of mortgages • Issue securities from the pool $ P&I $ Mortgage $ Servicing fee Servicer P&I $ Pro-rata P&I Payments P&I Investor 1 $ Pro-rata P&I Payments $ P&I Mortgage Investor 2 $ P&I Mortgage Lender P&I • Lender has passed on default and Lender $ prepayment risk to investors and P&I has freed up capital, but has had to $ seek out investors P&I • Investor gets benefit of higher yield $ investment with improved P&I capability to manage risk, but still $ P&I has potential limitations of small pools, regional bias and illiquidity
13. Slide 13: Lender Options Sell the loan to a conduit Mortgage Servicer Mortgage Mortgage Originator Originator $ Mortgage P&I P&I P&I Lender Conduit P&I P&I Mortgage Pro-rata P&I Payments Mortgage Originator Originator Investors
14. Slide 14: Conduits • There are 3 agencies – FNMA, FHLMC, GNMA – and a handful of private companies that act as conduits • GNMA issues the first “pass-through” security in 1970 • MBS issued by private companies are rated securities • Lenders will typically apply the underwriting standards of an intended take-out investor to ensure that a loan can be sold. Loans that conform to the underwriting standards of FNMA and FHLMC are called “conforming” loans • Private conduits will purchase both conforming and non- conforming loans
15. Slide 15: Agency Pass-Through Securities • Agency pass-through MBS have an explicit (GNMA) or implicit (FNMA) credit guarantee. There is no default risk to the investor – defaults are just like prepayments • Agency pools can be VERY large – less regional sensitivity • Agency pools have reasonably low variation in WAM and WAC • The large pool size and similar loan characteristics allow for statistical study of borrower behavior and, therefore, more accurate risk assessment
16. Slide 16: Modeling of Prepayments • Prepayment modeling is a crucial aspect of valuing Mortgage-Backed Securities and their derivatives • Refinancing, clearly, is strongly correlated with interest rates • “Trading up” also increases when interest rates are low • Prepayments due to housing turnover have strong seasonal characteristics
17. Slide 17: The PSA Model (Industry Standard) 20 Annual Prepayment Rate 18 16 14 12 100 PSA 10 200 PSA 8 300 PSA 6 4 2 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Month 100% PSA - Linear increase from from month 1 to month 30 to a plateau of 6% Annual Prepayment Rate
18. Slide 18: Annual Cash Flow - based on 100 Notional 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 MBS Cash Flows 8 10 12 14 Yr 16 18 FNMA 30 Yr, 7% WAC, 0% PSA 20 19.9 22 24 26 28 WAL 30
19. Slide 19: Annual Cash Flow - based on 100 Notional 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 MBS Cash Flows 6 8 10 12 11.6 14 Yr 16 18 FNMA 30 Yr, 7% WAC, 100% PSA 20 22 24 26 28 WAL 30
20. Slide 20: Annual Cash Flow - based on 100 Notional 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 MBS Cash Flows 6 8 7.8 10 12 14 Yr 16 18 20 22 FNMA 30 Yr, 7% WAC, 200% PSA 24 26 28 WAL 30
21. Slide 21: Annual Cash Flow - based on 100 Notional 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 MBS Cash Flows 6 5.8 8 10 12 14 Yr 16 18 FNMA 30 Yr, 7% WAC, 300% PSA 20 22 24 26 28 WAL 30
22. Slide 22: Modeling of Prepayments - Qualitative Consider the following Yield Curve 7 6 5 4 Yield 3 2 1 0 Y Y 1Y 2Y 3Y 5Y 10 25 Maturity 10Y Treasury is yielding 5%
23. Slide 23: Modeling of Prepayments - Qualitative Consider two alternative investments • A 10-Yr Treasury Note : – 5% coupon, – priced at par ($100) – Yield to Maturity : 5% • A 30-Yr FNMA 7% WAC – 6.5% Coupon – Spread to 10Y : 140 bps (6.4% Yield) – Priced at 100% PSA to be $100.73 – WAL : 11.6 years
24. Slide 24: Modeling of Prepayments - Qualitative 7 6 5 4 Yield 3 2 1 0 Y Y 1Y 2Y 3Y 5Y 10 25 Maturity T-Note FNMA : 11.6Y WAL
25. Slide 25: Modeling of Prepayments - Qualitative Consider an immediate downward yield curve shift (100 bps in the 10 yr) 7 6 5 4 Yield 3 2 1 0 Y Y 1Y 2Y 3Y 5Y 10 25 Maturity WAL dropped to 7.8 T-Note : Priced at 4% yield is now worth 108.18 years! I’m getting my FNMA : At 5.4% yield, 100% PSA, worth 108.55 money back in a lower rate FNMA : At 5.4% yield, 200% PSA, worth 106.36 environment.
26. Slide 26: Modeling of Prepayments • Investment banks and many large buy-side firms will have proprietary econometric prepayment models which – Are sensitive to interest rates – Are aware of seasonal effects in housing turnover – Consider mortgage age variations • These models will statistically model each prepayment component separately: – Refinancing – Partial Prepayments – Housing Turnover – Defaults
27. Slide 27: MBS Derivatives
28. Slide 28: MBS Derivatives Example IO/PO Recall this picture 15 Annual Cash Flow - based on 100 10 Notional 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Yr FNMA 30 Yr, 7% WAC, 100 PSA
29. Slide 29: MBS Derivatives Example IO/PO – 100 PSA Interest Flows Non-discounted 75.53 Discounted 47.15 Principal Flows Non-discounted 100 Discounted 52.85 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Yr
30. Slide 30: MBS Derivatives Example IO/PO – 300 PSA Interest Flows Non-discounted 37.7 Discounted 28.8 Principal Flows Non-discounted 100 Discounted 71.20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Yr
31. Slide 31: MBS Derivatives Example IO/PO – 50 PSA Interest Flows Non-discounted 97.03 Discounted 56.01 Principal Flows Non-discounted 100 Discounted 43.99 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Yr
32. Slide 32: Valuation Steps – Monte Carlo Simulation • Define starting (today’s) yield curve • Start Scenario – Loop • Use interest rate model to advance the yield curve forward 1 month • Use prepayment model to determine single month prepayment rate • Determine Principal & Interest for all underlying mortgages/MBS • Apply Cash-flow model to generate derivative cash flows for each impacted security class – Continue – Discount cash flows for each security along the interest rate path that has been generated • End Scenario • Repeat for N (large) scenarios and compute averages