Mexican Revolution

Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: Mexican Revolution
2. Slide 2: Porfirio Diaz Born 1830 in Oaxaca, Oaxaca  Mestizo (Mixtec NA & Spanish)  Tutored by Benito Juarez  Led Mexican troops to victory  against (F) @ Battle of Peubla May 5, 1862 … Cinco de Mayo! Ruled Mexico for 1st term w/ slogan  “No Re-election!” Eventually resumed control,  removed term limits Drove political opponents into exile 
3. Slide 3: Porfirio Diaz & Economic Development “Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the  United States.” Advised by ‘cientificos’ (modern economists) to build  infrastructure (railroads, telegraph-telephone lines) U.S. investment caused Diaz trouble b/c few liked  U.S. ‘Hacienda’ class opposed capitalist economy b/c  they benefited from feudal economy Bought off ‘hacienda’ class by allowing them to take  peasant lands “A dog w/ a bone neither barks or bites”  Created powerful police force to enforce theft 
4. Slide 5: Fall of Diaz Causes  – Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906- 1907 – Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures) – Worker’s strikes • 1906 Consolidated Copper Mine • 1907 Textile workers – Agitation of middle class reformers – Dissatisfaction of some large landholders / capitalists (Madero)
5. Slide 6: Francisco Madero
6. Slide 7: Francisco Madero Leading critic of Diaz political machine   Family was part of elite social class with political and economic ties to Diaz  Agreed with Diaz’ liberal economic policies but wanted liberal political movement  Insisted 1910 V.P. candidate come from outside Diaz clique  Ran for president in 1910 when Diaz ignored V.P. request
7. Slide 8: Francisco Madero cont. Ran under Anti-Reelectionist Party ticket   Diaz jailed over 5000 supporters and Madero himself just before election  Plan of San Luis Potosi
8. Slide 9: Plan of San Luis Potosi Written by Madero while in jail   Published once he was in Texas  Provisions – Declared that 1910 elections were null and void – Madero assumed title of Provisional President – Called for free elections when conditions permitted – Made no specific promises for land or labor reform
9. Slide 10: Madero Supporters
10. Slide 11: Pancho Villa - north
11. Slide 12: Venustiano Carranza - north
12. Slide 13: Emiliano Zapata - south
13. Slide 14: Alvaro Obregon - north
14. Slide 15: Pasqual Orozco - north
15. Slide 16: Treaty of Ciudad Juarez Issued after Pro-Madero capture of  Ciudad Juarez  Diaz flees  Provisions – Ended hostilities – Resignation of Diaz – Placed Francisco de la Berra in as provisional president
16. Slide 17: Madero takes power Madero elected in 1912   Quickly is at odds with Zapata over land reform – Plan of Ayala announced by Zapata Bernardo Reyes (Diaz aide) & Felix  Diaz (nephew) attempt revolt  Madero can’t deal with the many decisions, at the mercy of aides (Huerta is commander of military)
17. Slide 18: Emiliano Zapata Agrarian Revolutionary   Slogan of “Tierra y Libertad”  Leader of landless peasants  Called for return of land that had been taken during land concentration of Diaz  Quickly became disillusioned with Madero
18. Slide 19: Plan de Ayala All foreign owned lands would be seized   All lands previously taken from villages would be returned (ejidos)  1/3 of all land held by “friendly” haciendados taken for redistribution  All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement would be taken
19. Slide 20: Madero’s Fall Coup led by Victoriano Huerta aided by  American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson  Revolt aided by release of Reyes and Felix Diaz (bombard Mexico City)  La Decena Tragica – Madero is killed February 1913 Huerta assumes control 
20. Slide 21: Victoriano Huerta Served as General for Diaz   Never recognized by Woodrow Wilson due to method of gaining power  Henry Lane Wilson is recalled  U.S. aids Huerta’s opponents  Wanted to reestablish a form of Diaz regime  Could never gain full control
21. Slide 22: U.S. Intervention U.S. continually opposes Huerta regime   Tampico incident  Veracruz occupation – Other Mexican leaders reacted against U.S. actions (we were expecting their support) – Huerta had to pull troops away from Revolution to Veracruz, leaves him vulnerable
22. Slide 23: Huerta’s Fall Blames U.S.   Forced into exile by Zapatistas, Pancho Villa, Carranza and U.S.  Later attempts revolt from U.S. and is arrested and jailed
23. Slide 24: Pancho Villa Also agrarian revolutionary with different land  reform plan All land confiscated would be used for revolution  by government and distributed after revolution ends Supporters were small ranchers, cowboys and  other unemployed Created well equipped and well paid  professional army Most formidable of Carranza’s military  opponents
24. Slide 25: Venustiano Carranza Governor of state of Coahuila   Dissident member of landowning elite  Believed Mexico needed “energetic middle class”  Huerta’s most dangerous enemy  Issues Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) to counter Plan de Ayala  Took control of Mexico City in July 1914
25. Slide 26: Plan de Guadalupe Carranza assumed leadership of  rebellion against Huerta  Declared Huerta’s claim to power to be illegitimate  Declared himself “First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army”  Followed by edicts stating: (Obregon) – restoration of ejidos and establishing national agrarian commission – called for improved conditions of poor
26. Slide 27: Aguascaliente Convention (October 1914) Tension grew between Carranza & Villa because  Carranza never clarified his position on issues concerning the poor Zapata never recognized Carranza’s leadership, insisting  on his Plan de Alaya Convention of Zapata’s, Villa’s and Carranza’s  supporters Villa & Zapata insist on Carranza’s resignation  Carranza moves to Veracruz for “safety”  Villa’s troops take control of convention hall  Villa’s suicide statement  Adopts Plan de Ayala  Conventionists v. Constitutionalists 
27. Slide 29: Carranza consolidates power Chaos during this period  Villa & Zapata meet in capital, appoint General Eulalio  Gutiérrez as provisional president Disagreements over land issues, inability to unite social  classes, and Gutiérrez’s secret sabotaging of the talks meant that the convention would not unite the country Carranza issued “Adiciones” to his plan de Guadalupe,  promising agrarian reforms and improved workers’ rights Obregon defeats Villa with Villa returning to the north  and Zapata continuing to attack in the south Carranza moves to Mexico City  Call for a constitutional convention in 1916  Constitutional convention takes place in 1917 
28. Slide 30: U.S. Expedition Pancho Villa, reacting to embargo, raids  Columbus, NM Woodrow Wilson sends General Pershing into  Mexico to capture and punish Villa Carranza opposes action, sees this as a  "foreign invasion" of Mexico Expedition is unsuccessful and finally recalled 
29. Slide 31: Uncle Sam intervenes in Mexico. Source: A Roubille in Fantasio, Vol 4, 15 May 1914
30. Slide 33: Constitutional Convention Call for a constitutional convention in  1916  Convention takes place in 1917  Carranza presents draft of recommendations that show little social change, no agrarian reform and limited regard for labor  Control of Convention taken by radicals
31. Slide 34: Constitution of 1917 Final document was more liberal than  Carranza had intended  Major clauses – Article 3 - Secular education – Article 27 - Land reform – Article 123 - Labor reform – Article 130 - Restrictions on Church
32. Slide 35: Article 3 Compulsory elementary education  Public education will be free  Prohibited religion from having any  influence in public education
33. Slide 36: Article 27 Nation is the original owner of all lands,  waters and subsoil  State could expropriate with compensation  All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and void
34. Slide 37: Article 123 8 hour work day   Prohibited child labor  Equal pay for equal work  Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods, tokens or vouchers (end the tienda de raya)  Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike
35. Slide 38: Article 130 Nation can not create law establishing  religion  Marriage was a civil contract  Only individuals born in Mexico can be "ministers"  Limited property ownership by church
36. Slide 39: Carranza's final years Moved to the right   Did not fully implement the Constitution  Received de jure recognition from the U.S.  Remained neutral in World War I – Zimmerman Telegram  Announced that Article 27 was retroactive (U.S. very upset)
37. Slide 40: Carranza's Fall Carranza's term ends in 1920   He supports Ignacio Bonillas (ambassador to the U.S.) who he could control  Obregon comes out of retirement to run  Carranza attempts to manipulate electoral process in favor of Bonillas  Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta led revolt to oust Carranza
38. Slide 41: Carranza's Fall (con’t) Carranza loads train full of bullion and  heads for Veracruz  Train is attacked  Carranza escapes to mountains but is trapped and murdered there  Adolfo de la Huerta is named interim president
39. Slide 43: Obregon's presidency Elected to office in special election,  assumes control in November 1920  Pragmatic business approach to government  Sought accommodation with all groups except reactionary clergy and landlords  Modern version of "pan o palo”
40. Slide 44: Obregon's Policies Land reform   Labor  Education  Indigenismo  U.S. relationship
41. Slide 45: Land Reform Agrarian reform was useful safety valve  for peasant discontent  Created national agrarian commission which oversaw state commissions  Power to expropriate haciendado land for landless villages  Paid for with 20 year bonds  Reform proceeded slowly due to:  Litigation by landlords
42. Slide 46: Land Reform (con’t) Armed resistance by landlords   Opposition by clergy  3 million acres distributed  320 million acres in hands of haciendados  Even with land, failure occurred as government did not provide: seeds, tools, adequate credit or training
43. Slide 47: Labor Encouraged labor to organize   Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM) - labor union headed by Luis Morones  Ties to Samuel Gompers and the AFL in the United States  Semi-official status, supported by the government  Co-opted by Obregon
44. Slide 48: Education Jose Vasconcelos - Secretary of  Education  Created new type of rural school, La Casa del Pueblo (The House of the People) – Designed to serve all of village – Three Rs, art, music, sports, theater, instruction in sanitation and agriculture – Idealistic but at times unprepared teachers – Itinerant teachers were sent to train those in the villages
45. Slide 49: Education (con’t) Murals on public buildings   Conflict between new secular schools and religious schools – Priest denounced secular education Obregon did not enforce Article 3 of the  Constitution (ban on religious primary schools) – In the absence of state resources better to be taught by priest than stay illiterate
46. Slide 50: Indigenismo Reassessment of Indian cultural heritage,  pushing the greatness of old Indian arts Manuel Gamio - director of Office of  Anthropology (1st in Americas) Study of Teotihuacán  Preserve & restore cultural heritage  Amass data for sound plan of economic and  social recovery Partisans of Revolution idealized Aztec Mexico 
47. Slide 51: U.S. Relationship Problem with retroactivity of Article 27  (Obregon will not openly state non- retroactivity)  U.S. withholds diplomatic recognition of the Obregon government  Obregon compromises – threat of counterrevolutionary coup against selection of Plutarco Calles as successor
48. Slide 52: U.S. Relationship (con’t) Bucareli Agreement - August 1923  – Obregon confirms non-retroactivity – U.S. gives formal recognition to Obregon government Coup attempt - December 1923  – put down coup with military supplies purchased from the U.S.
49. Slide 53: Calles' Presidency Dominates the next decade of Mexican  politics  Continued on foundations of Obregon  Radical rhetoric - pragmatic policy
50. Slide 54: Calles' Economic and Land Policies Rapid growth of national capitalism   Creation of National Bank – strengthens fiscal/monetary policy National Road Commission organized   National Electric Codes enacted – stimulates growth of construction and consumer goods industries
51. Slide 55: Calles' Economic and Land Policies (con’t) Aid given to industry (foreign and domestic)  – protective tariffs – subsidies Land reform  – distribution increased from Obregon • over twice as much land distributed 8 million hectares – problems • Haciendados were able to choose the land they gave up, most of it was not arable • Calles did not provide tools or other items to make the land productive
52. Slide 56: Calles' Economic and Land Policies (con’t) Government bank was created to lend money to  ejidos – 4/5 of money went to the haciendados because of superior credit ratings Land reform judged a failure because the grain  production of 1930 was below the production of 1910 – Calles concluded peasant proprietorship was not economically desirable and ended land redistribution
53. Slide 57: Labor Trade unions serve two purposes  – keep growing power of capitalism in check – barricade in the event of attack on capitalists Labor began to split from CROM form  independent unions – disillusioned with corrupt leaders and low wages
54. Slide 58: Conflict with U.S. Calles welcomed foreign capital but  believed that Mexico had the right to regulate the conditions surrounding it 1925 dispute over land ownership 
55. Slide 59: Conflict with U.S. (cont.) Mexican Congress passes laws  implementing Article 27 – Oil ownership becomes a lease arrangement • exchange title for 50 year concession (lease agreement) • possible 30 year renewal • possible further extension
56. Slide 60:  Mexican view – Eliminated vagueness and gave oil companies firm titles. Stopped calls for outright nationalization of oil
57. Slide 61:  Oil Company view – Law was confiscatory, they threatened to drill without confirming concessions
58. Slide 62: Conflict with U.S. (cont.) American hardliners were "saber  rattling"  American ambassador "there is little white blood in Calle's government"  Secretary of State Kellogg stated that there were "Bolshevik aims in Mexico and Latin America"
59. Slide 63: Conflict with U.S. (cont.) Intervention was stopped by arguments  from: – progressive senators – press, church, academic groups – realization that war with Mexico would have little national support
60. Slide 64: Conflict with U.S. (cont.) Dwight Morrow appointed Ambassador  to Mexico  Negotiated an understanding with Calles concerning the time limitation on concessions  Mexican Supreme Court ruled that aspect of the law unconstitutional  Crisis was averted  Law still provided for confirmatory concessions and reaffirmed national ownership of the subsoil
61. Slide 65: Religious Conflict Church v. modernizing thrust of the  Revolution • January 1926 the church hierarchy disavowed the Constitution • Calles enforces dormant anti-clerical clauses of the Constitution – Calles law » registration of priests » closing of all religious primary schools
62. Slide 66: The Mexican government seeks to suppress religion : but when priests are arrested at Vera Cruz, it sparks off a popular riot in favor of the Church Source: Vittorio Pisani in La Tribuna Illustrata 12 December 1937
63. Slide 67: Religious Conflict Church suspended all services in Mexico  and boycotted all goods except necessities  Militant Catholics took up arms - Cristeros (Catholic guerrillas) – government schools and young teachers were targets – government repression was severe
64. Slide 68: Presidential Election 1928 Deal between Calles and Obregon  – supporters in Congress change the Constitution to allow former presidents to be reelected after one term – term was extended from 4 to 6 years
65. Slide 69: Presidential Election 1928 (cont.) Two opponents for the office conspire  against Obregon and Calles – Calles has them arrested and shot – Obregon is elected, then three weeks later he is assassinated by a fanatical Cristero in Mexico City
66. Slide 70: Calles - "El jefe maximo" Calles places three different men in the  office of president to fulfill Obregon's term but he is the power behind the office. Each one resigns after displeasing "el jefe"  Military uprising is crushed in 1929, the "last hurrah" of the military caudillos
67. Slide 71: National Revolutionary Party (PNR) Calles institutionalizes the rule of the  "revolutionary family" (military and political leaders since 1920)  Under different names this party has been ruling Mexico since 1929.  Their official presidential candidate had never lost until the election of Vicente Fox, the present president of Mexico.
68. Slide 72: National Revolutionary Party (PNR) After consolidating power the "revolutionary  family" turns conservative – shift coincides with beginning of the Great Depression By 1933 a progressive wing of PNR emerges  with General Lazaro Cardenas as leader of the reformers – has been a part of the inner circle of the party – 1930 was named Party Chairmen
69. Slide 73: National Revolutionary Party (PNR) 1934 elections Cardenas is nominated by  the Party ( with Calles’ blessing) for the presidency – seen as a concession to reformers in the party – Calles thought he would remain loyal – cabinet was hand picked by Calles
70. Slide 74: Cardenas' Programs Established a Six Year Plan   Mexican Revolution continues under Cardenas  Established a spirit of service in the bureaucracy  Closed down the gambling houses  Cut his own salary in 1/2
71. Slide 75: Agrarian Reform Land distribution on large scale   Ejido was the focal point of agrarian reform – land given to both the ejido (communal) and the rancho (individual land) – where appropriate large collective farms were established – government provided seeds, machinery and credit
72. Slide 76: Agrarian Reform (cont.) 45 million acres of land distributed   productivity was increased  Structural defects of reforms – conceived to satisfy land hunger instead of real agricultural development – ejido parcel was very small – land distributed was often of poor quality – technical assistance was often inadequate
73. Slide 77: Labor Reform Corrupts leaders are removed  Confederacion de Trobajadores  Mexicanos (CTM) replaces CROM Strikes supported by government (where  appropriate)
74. Slide 78: Fall of Calles All of these actions angered Calles, he  begin to plot against Cardenas  Cardenas calls for the resignation of the cabinet and forms and new Anti - Calles cabinet  By 1935 Cardenas is the master of Mexico.  1936 Calles is deported for "plotting against the government"
75. Slide 79: PRM - Party of the Mexican Revolution Cardenas reorganized and purged the  party of Calles influence.  It emerges as the PRM  The three pillars of this party are labor, the peasantry and the army.
76. Slide 80: Oil Crisis American and British oil companies v.  workers unions  Strike leads to arbitration  Arbitration finding is scaled down from original union demands but the companies refuse to settle  March 18, 1938 Cardenas nationalized the oil companies
77. Slide 81: Oil Crisis (cont.) Economic Independence   Action was not a precedent, 90% of mining was still in foreign hands  U.S. took no strong action due to – Good Neighbor Policy being in effect under Franklin Roosevelt – Ambassador to Mexico understood Cardenas policy and reasons
78. Slide 82: Oil Crisis (cont.) Timing of the move was also fortunate  – War in Europe was looming – Cardenas announced Mexico would pay all just claims
79. Slide 83: Cardenas’ Presidency was the high-water mark for the reform movement
80. Slide 84: In 1940 election, Avila Camancho, loyal to Cardenas but more conservative, was elected president