Site and Soil Evaluation and Soil Protection
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Presentation given at 2008 Northwest Ohio Environmental Health Association Fall Conference on November 14, 2008 at Kalahari Resorts, Sandusky.
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- Slide 1: Site and Soil Evaluation and Soil Protection Andy Kleinschmidt OSU Extension, Van Wert County 419-238-1214 (office) 419-203-5967 (cell) kleinschmidt.5@osu.edu or andykleinschmidt@gmail.com
- Slide 9: Proposed septic field
- Slide 11: Okay . . . . . . Now for a little diversion
- Slide 12: Inches water/ft soil Plant Available Water 4 3 2 1 Sand Sandy Silt Clay Clay loam loam loam
- Slide 13: Available Water Holding Capacity Storage capacity Texture (in./ft.) Silty clay loam 1.8 Clay loam 1.8 Silt loam 2.0 Silty clay 1.6 Sandy loam 1.4 Rhoads and Yonts, 1984.
- Slide 14: Texture and Pore Space Comparison of Coarse Textured and Fine Textured Soils Coarse Textured Soil Fine Textured Soil Less porespace but More total porespace more macropores
- Slide 15: Granular Small Polyhedrons or Spheroids Bounded by Curved or Irregular Surfaces Symbol for Structure (gr)
- Slide 16: GRANULAR
- Slide 17: Blocky Subangular or Angular Subangular Blocky – the three dimensions are about the same size, but polyhedrons are subrounded. Symbol (sbk) Angular Blocky – the three dimensions are about the same size, but edges are shape and faces appear flattened. Symbol (abk)
- Slide 18: BLOCKY
- Slide 19: Bulk Density Determination { } For our example, let’s Soil is made assume we have 1 cubic of solids and 1.33 centimeter of soil that pore spaces grams weighs 1.33 grams To calculate Bulk Density: Volume = 1 cm3 1.33 Bulk Density = Weight = 1.33 grams 1 Weight of Soil Bulk Density = 1.33 grams/cm3 Bulk Density = Volume of Soil
- Slide 20: Bulk Density (con’t.) Bulk density (g/cm3) Soil Cropped Uncropped Hagerstown loam (PA) 1.25 (50%) 1.07 (57%) Marshall silt loam (IA) 1.13 (56%) 0.93 (63%) Nappanese silt loam (OH) 1.31 (51%) 1.05 (60%) What impact does this have on pore space? Data from Lyon et al.
- Slide 21: Bulk Density and Compaction Depth Bulk Density (g/cm3) 0 inches 1.43 Plow layer 1.90 7 inches 8 inches 1.87 Compacted 9 inches 1.84 zone 10 inches 1.80 Uncompacted 1.60 subsoil 2.20 Till Data from Camp and Lund
- Slide 22: Some Common Bulk Densities • Uncultivated/undisturbed woodlots – 1.0 to 1.2 g/cm3 • Cultivated clay and silt loams – 1.1 to 1.5 g/cm3 • Cultivated sandy loams – 1.3 to 1.7 g/cm3 • Compacted glacial till – 1.9 to 2.2 g/cm3 • Concrete – 2.4 g/cm3
- Slide 23: What do you notice about this soil core? macropores
- Slide 24: Preferential Flow Soil Horizon A Example of 68% of leachable Initial storm of pesticide leaching through was lost atrazine season. to preferential preferential flow. Notice flow during the first storm. flow. preferential Atrazine applied. B What are the implications from a treatment standpoint? Calculated from Kladivco, et al. (1999); models from Cornell
- Slide 25: What ‘stands out’ about the landscape?
- Slide 26: Soil Color, Soil Aeration or Drainage, and the Oxidation State of Iron POOR AERATION GOOD AERATION 1. Iron is reduced 1. Iron is oxidized 2. Fe++ 2. Fe+++ 3. dull colors (grays, 3. bright colors blue) (yellows, browns) 4. poorly drained 4. well drained
- Slide 30: Okay . . . . . . Back to the site and soil evalution.
- Slide 33: Not suitable . . . • Wetland • Poor soil structure • Flood prone • Extremely shallow to bedrock • Recently disturbed • Excessively gravelly • What else makes a site not suitable?
- Slide 34: Approx. 1.1 acre
- Slide 36: Summary • Surface view looked promising • Standing corn stalks- looked good PIT • Did not visually see any ‘drowned’ out areas • Mapped Pewamo • Very weak and or no soil structure – high clay Approx. 1.1 acre • No system will work here (except for city services) PIT
- Slide 37: Approx. 20 acres
- Slide 39: Ohio Rapid Assessment Method • Provides for a quantitative wetland assessment of a parcel • Does not replace a formal wetland delineation • Allows for categorizing wetlands: Category 1, 2, or 3. • Training and additional information online at: http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/wetlands/Wetlan dEcologySection.html#Training
- Slide 41: Keep all traffic off the soil absorption fields (including construction traffic), especially when saturated or if there is snow cover.
- Slide 42: • Do not discharge from basement footing drains or other clean water sources into the soil absorption fields. • Divert downspouts and other rainwater drainage away from the soil absorption fields. The extra rainwater can overwhelm the system. • Establish a grass cover over the soil absorption fields as soon as possible after installation to prevent erosion and promote plant uptake of water. • Avoid planting trees on or adjacent to the soil absorption fields. • Keep pavement, decks, above ground pools, and out buildings off of and away from the soil absorption fields. Construction activity can compact the soil and the structures limit access to the septic system or soil absorption fields for maintenance. • Never put additional fill over the soil absorption fields.
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